இன்றுவரை 230 அயல்கிரகங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டு உறுதி செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கின்றன. இதில் ஜெப்ரி மார்சி என்பவர் தலைமையிலான அமெரிக்க ஆராய்ச்சிக் குழு மட்டும் 150 கிரகங்களைக் கண்டுபிடித்திருக்கிறது.
நமது பால்வீதியில் மட்டும் 10 ஆயிரம் கோடி கிரகங்கள் இருக்கலாம் என்று ஜெப்ரி மார்சி தெரிவித்திருக்கிறார். இதில் வியாழன் போன்ற வாயுக்கோள கிரகங்கள் 600 கோடி இருக்கலாம் என்று மதிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. பூமியைப் போன்று 10 லட்சம் கிரகங்கள் இருக்கலாம் என்று டெப்ராபிசர் என்ற ஆராய்ச்சியாளர் கூறுகிறார்.
தற்போது 5 கிரகங்களில் பூமியைப் போன்று தண்ணீர் இருப்பது உறுதி செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. 50 கிரகங்களில் உயிரினம் இருக்க வாய்ப்பிருப்பதாகவும் விஞ்ஞானிகள் கூறுகிறார்கள். மெக்சிகோ அருகே விழுந்த ஒரு விண்கல்லில் சர்க்கரைப் படிவு காணப்பட்டிருப்பதால், உயிரினம் உள்ள அயல்கிரகம் இருக்கலாம் என்று கருதப்படுகிறது.
அயல்கிரகங்களில் மனிதர்களைப் போன்ற அறிவுமிக்க உயிரினங்கள் இருக்கின்றனவா? என்று கண்டுபிடிப்பதற்கான திட்டத்தை அமெரிக்கா செயல்படுத்தி வருகிறது. நமது பூமியின் கடலின் அடியில் உள்ள எரிமலைகளிலும், வடதுருவப் பனிப் பிரதேசத்திலும், வறண்ட பாலைவனங்களிலும் ண்ணுயிரிகள் இருப்பதைப் போல, விண்வெளியில் உள்ள அயல்கிரகங்களிலும் உயிரினங்கள் ஏற்கனவே தோன்றி வாழ்ந்து கொண்டிருப்பதற்கான வாய்ப்புகள் இருப்பதாக டெப்ராபிசர் தெரிவித்துள்ளார். பூமிக்கு அருகில் உள்ள அயல்கிரகங்களில் உயிரினங்கள் இருந்தால், அதை 10 வருடங்களுக்குள் கண்டுபிடித்துவிடலாம் என்றும் அவர் நம்பிக்கை தெரிவித்திருக்கிறார்.
பூமியில் இருந்து 44 ஒளிவருட தூரத்தில் உள்ள `உர்சா மேஜர்’ என்ற நட்சத்திரத்தை ஒரு கிரகமானது, சூரியனை பூமி சுற்றிவரும் தூரத்தில் சுற்றிக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது. அக்கிரகத்தில் தண்ணீரும், உயிரினங்களும் காணப்படுவதற்கு வாய்ப்புகள் அதிகம் என்கிறார்கள் ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்கள்.
`இரவில் நான் கோடிக்கணக்கான நட்சத்திரங்களைப் பார்க்கும்போது அவற்றில் உயிரினங்கள் இருப்பதற்கு வாய்ப்பிருக்கிறது என்றே எனக்குத் தோன்றுகிறது’ என்கிறார், டெப்ரா பிசர்.
புதுடெல்லி: டெல்லியிலிருந்து நேற்று காலை 8.10 மணிக்கு மும்பைக்கு இண்டிகோ ஏர்லைன்ஸ் விமானம் புறப்பட தயாரானது. பனி மூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருந்ததால் சற்று தாமதமாக புறப்படும் என்று அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. இதனையடுத்து 9 மணிக்கு விமானத்தின் கதவுகள் திறக்கப்பட்டன. பயணிகள் உள்ளே சென்று தங்கள் இருக்கைகளில் அமர்ந்தனர். விமானம் புறப்படுவதற்கு முன்பு விமானத்தை இயக்கும் விமானியின் பெயர் கூறப்பட்டது. அந்த விமானத்தை ஒரு பெண் விமானி ஓட்டிச் செல்ல இருப்பதாக கூறப்பட்டது. இதை கேட்டதும் பிரமோத் அமோல்கர் என்ற பயணி கூச்சலிடத் தொடங்கி விட்டார்.
அவர் சக பயணிகளிடம், பெண் ஓட்டிச் செல்லும் விமான பயணம் உத்தரவாதமாக இருக்காது. நான் சாக விரும்பவில்லை என்றார். பிறகு விமானப் பணிப்பெண்களை அழைத்து பெண் விமானி விமானத்தை ஓட்டக்கூடாது என்று எதிர்ப்பு தெரிவித்தார். இதையடுத்து பாதுகாப்பு அதிகாரிகள் அவரை வலுக் கட்டாயமாக விமானத்தில் இருந்து வெளியில் அழைத்து சென்றனர். இண்டிகோ ஏர்லைன்ஸ் அதிகாரிகள் அவரிடம் சுமார் 40 நிமிடம் சமரசம் செய்தனர். இதனைடுத்து உயர் அதிகாரி ஒருவர் நான்தான் விமானத்தை ஓட்டப் போகிறேன் என்றார். இந்த சம்பவத்தால் அந்த விமானம் சுமார் ஒன்றறை மணி நேரம் தாமதமாக புறப்பட்டுச் சென்றது.
Process:
The process of developing film and preparing it for printmaking has changed little since the 19th century. Film that has been exposed to light is developed, washed, then fixed so the emulsion is no longer sensitive to light. This process has multiple steps---each require a different set of chemicals. There is little difference between developing color and black and white film except for temperature control. Developing film can be accomplished with chemicals readily available at a photography supply store.
Developer:
Developer acts on the film's emulsion, which is a mix of silver, gelatin and light-sensitive dyes. When submerged in developer and agitated, the dyes in color film are activated and the silver removed from areas of the film that have been exposed to light.
Photographic developers are normally solutions of phenidone or metol, combined with an alkaline agent such as borax, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. These chemicals react with the silver halide crystals exposed to light to create metallic silver. Leaving the film in the developer for the correct length of time is critical; too short of a time is "pulling" the film and will result in a lighter printed image, too long of a time is called "pushing" the film, resulting in a darker printed image. This can be used to correct exposure issues or for artistic effect.
Stop Bath:
This chemical is the second step of the photographic developing process. A stop bath is used to stop the action of the developer, preventing the process of converting silver halide to metallic silver from continuing. This ensures that the film's opacity will create an accurate image when reversed in the printing process.
Stop bath is an acid, which neutralizes the alkaline base of the developer. It is a diluted concentrate of acetic or citric acid, although plain water is sometimes used. By neutralizing the base chemical, this stops the reaction between the silver halide and the developer.
Fixer:
Fixer is a chemical used to remove the remaining silver halide to prevent changes to the image upon further exposure to light. This keeps the film's image stable when it is removed from the light proof developing canister. Without fixer, exposure to light would cause the silver halide to have the same reaction as when the film was initially exposed, destroying the latent image.
Fixer, which is sometimes called hypo, is ammonium thiosulfate salt or sodium thiosulfate.
Film Rinse:
An optional step, film rinses add a protective coating to the final, processed film strip. This step protects the finished strip from dust and scratches. This clear coat is added after the final water bath, which removes the fixer from the strip, then the film is rinsed again and hung in a drying cabinet or other dust free area until dry. A film rinse can also speed the drying of the film, which will help to avoid spotting and water streaks in the finished print.
Water:
The most crucial of any chemical used in photographic processes, water is used in nearly every step of the process. A steady supply of running water is crucial to darkroom practices for rinses; it is also used in the dilution and preparation of the chemical concentrates for each step of the process.
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Glossary of Photography terms
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: A
Active Light Lock Door
A lock on the Advanced Photo System film cassette that allows unexposed or partially exposed film to be advanced only when the cassette is properly loaded into any of the system's equipment, including cameras and photofinishing devices.
Adjustable Camera
A camera with manually adjustable settings for distance, lens openings, and shutter speeds.
Adjustable-Focus Lens
A lens that has adjustable distance settings.
Advanced Photo System
A new standard in consumer photography developed by Kodak and four other System Developing Companies - Canon, Fuji, Minolta and Nikon - based on a new film format and innovative film, camera and photofinishing technologies.
Angle Of View
The area of a scene that a lens covers or sees. Angle of view is determined by the focal length of the lens. A wide-angle lens (short-focal-length) includes more of the scene-a wider angle of view-than a normal (normal-focal-length) or telephoto (long-focal-length) lens.
Aperture
Lens opening. The opening in a camera lens through which light passes to expose the film. The size of aperture is either fixed or adjustable. Aperture size is usually calibrated in f-numbers-the larger the number, the smaller the lens opening.
Aperture Priority
An exposure mode on an automatic or autofocus camera that lets you set the aperture while the camera sets the shutter speed for proper exposure. If you change the aperture, or the light level changes, the shutter speed changes automatically.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of width to height in photographic prints - 2:3 in 35 mm pictures to produce photographs most commonly measuring 3.5 x 5 inches or 4 x 6 inches; Advanced Photo System cameras deliver three aspect ratios as selected by the user. See also Interspersed Aspect Ratio.
The Advanced Photo System's three user selectable print formats:
"C" - 2:3 aspect ratio used in 35 mm photography
"H" - 9:16 aspect ratio used by high-definition television (HDTV)
"P" - 1:3 aspect ratio produces prints of 3.5 x 10.5 inches or up to 4.5 x 11.5 inches; suitable for panoramic shots
Audio Frquency Response
This is the measure of relative loudness of high frequencies compared to the playback level of the lower frequencies. It is measured at 7 Khz.
Automatic Camera
A camera with a built-in exposure meter that automatically adjusts the lens opening, shutter speed, or both for proper exposure.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: B
B (Bulb) Setting
A shutter-speed setting on an adjustable camera that allows for time exposures. When set on B, the shutter will stay open as long as the shutter release button remains depressed.
Background
The part of the scene the appears behind the principal subject of the picture.
Backlighting
Light coming from behind the subject, toward the camera lens, so that the subject stands out vividly against the background. Sometimes produces a silhouette effect.
Photographer: Jose Navarro Salazar
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK GOLD PLUS 100
Film Size: 35 mm>
Back-Printing
Information printed on the back of a picture by the photofinisher. The system standard requires the printing of frame number, film cassette number and processing date automatically on the back of each Advanced Photo System print; may also include more detailed information, such as customized titles and time and date of picture-taking.
Balance
Placement of colors, light and dark masses, or large and small objects in a picture to create harmony and equilibrium.
Bellows
The folding (accordion) portion in some cameras that connects the lens to the camera body. Also a camera accessory that, when inserted between lens and camera body, extends the lens-to-film distance for close focusing.
Between-The-Lens Shutter
A shutter whose blades operate between two elements of the lens.
Blowup
An enlargement; a print that is made larger than the negative or slide.
Bounce Lighting
Flash or tungsten light bounced off a reflector (such as the ceiling or walls) to give the effect of natural or available light.
Burning-In
Giving additional exposure to part of the image projected on an enlarger easel to make that area of the print darker. This is accomplished after the basic exposure by extending the exposure time to allow additional image-forming light to strike the areas in the print you want to darken while holding back the image-forming light from the rest of the image. Sometimes called printing-in.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: C
Camera Angles
Various positions of the camera (high, medium, or low; and left, right, or straight on) with respect to the subject, each giving a different viewpoint or effect.
Clearing Agent
A chemical that neutralizes hypo in film or paper, reducing wash time and helping to provide a more stable image.
Close-Up
A picture taken with the subject close to the camera-usually less than two or three feet away, but it can be as close as a few inches.
Photographer: Gary Whelpley
Film: KODAK EKTACHROME ELITE 100
Film Size: 35 mm
Close-Up Lens
A lens attachment placed in front of a camera lens to permit taking pictures at a closer distance than the camera lens alone will allow.
Coated Lens
A lens covered with a very thin layer of transparent material that reduces the amount of light reflected by the surface of the lens. A coated lens is faster (transmits more light) than an uncoated lens.
Color Balance
How a color film reproduces the colors of a scene. Color films are made to be exposed by light of a certain color quality such as daylight or tungsten. Color balance also refers to the reproduction of colors in color prints, which can be altered during the printing process.
Composition
The pleasing arrangement of the elements within a scene-the main subject, the foreground and background, and supporting subjects.
Condenser Enlarger
An enlarger with a sharp, undiffused light that produces high contrast and high definition in a print. Scratches and blemishes in the negative are emphasized.
Contrast
The range of difference in the light to dark areas of a negative, print, or slide (also called density); the brightness range of a subject or the scene lighting.
Cropping
Printing only part of the image that is in the negative or slide, usually for a more pleasing composition. May also refer to the framing of the scene in the viewfinder.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: D
Darkroom
A lighttight area used for processing films and for printing and processing papers; also for loading and unloading film holders and some cameras.
Data Disk
A circular, rotating disk at the end of Advanced Photo System film cassettes that functions as a circular bar code, communicating the film speed, type and exposure length through a sequence of reflective bars to an optical sensor in the camera.
Densitometer
An instrument used for measuring the optical density of an area in a negative or print.
Depth of Field
The amount of distance between the nearest and farthest objects that appear in acceptably sharp focus in a photograph. Depth of field depends on the lens opening, the focal length of the lens, and the distance from the lens to the subject.
Photographer: Iliana Cornejo
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK EKTAPRESS 1600
Film Size: 35 mm
Depth of Focus
The distance range over which the film could be shifted at the film plane inside the camera and still have the subject appear in sharp focus; often misused to mean depth of field.
Diaphragm
Lens opening. A perforated plate or adjustable opening mounted behind or between the elements of a lens used to control the amount of light that reaches the film. Openings are usually calibrated in f-numbers.
Diffuse Lighting
Lighting that is low or moderate in contrast, such as on an overcast day.
Diffusing
Softening detail in a print with a diffusion disk or other material that scatters light.
Dodging
Holding back the image-forming light from a part of the image projected on an enlarger easel during part of the basic exposure time to make that area of the print lighter.
Double Exposure>
Two pictures taken on one frame of film, or two images printed on one piece of photographic paper.
Photographer: Paul Michael Leeder
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK EKTAR 100
Film Size: 35 mm
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: E
Emulsion
Micro-thin layers of gelatin on film in which light-sensitive ingredients are suspended; triggered by light to create a chemical reaction resulting in a photographic image.
Emulsion Side
The side of the film coated with emulsion. In contact printing and enlarging, the emulsion side of the film-dull side-should face the emulsion side of the photo paper-shiny side.
Enhanced Back-Printing
An Advanced Photo System feature available in some system cameras that enables users to encode detailed information at the time of picture-taking, such as the date and time of exposure, camera settings, roll title or other custom information for subsequent printing onto the back of their photographs. See also Back-printing.
Enlargement
A print that is larger than the negative or slide; blowup.
Enlarger
A device consisting of a light source, a negative holder, and a lens, and means of adjusting these to project an enlarged image from a negative onto a sheet of photographic paper.
Existing Light
Available light. Strictly speaking, existing light covers all natural lighting from moonlight to sunshine. For photographic purposes, existing light is the light that is already on the scene or project and includes room lamps, fluorescent lamps, spotlights, neon signs, candles, daylight through windows, outdoor scenes at twilight or in moonlight, and scenes artificially illuminated after dark.
Photographer: Herb Jones
Film: KODAK EKTACHROME
Film Size: 35
Exposure
The quantity of light allowed to act on a photographic material; a product of the intensity (controlled by the lens opening) and the duration (controlled by the shutter speed or enlarging time) of light striking the film or paper.
Exposure Latitude
The range of camera exposures from underexposure to overexposure that will produce acceptable pictures from a specific film.
Exposure Meter
An instrument with a light-sensitive cell that measures the light reflected from or falling on a subject, used as an aid for selecting the exposure setting. The same as a light meter.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: F
Film Speed
The sensitivity of a given film to light, indicated by a number such as ISO 200. The higher the number, the more sensitive or faster the film. Note: ISO stands for International Standards Organization.
Filter
A colored piece of glass or other transparent material used over the lens to emphasize, eliminate, or change the color or density of the entire scene or certain areas within a scene.
Photographer: Herb Jones
Filter: Yellow
Film: KODAK EKTACHROME 64
Film Size: 35 mm
Photographer: Kodak Photo Info Services
Filter: Star
Film: KODAK EKTACHROME 200
Film Size: 35 mm
Finder
A viewing device on a camera to show the subject area that will be recorded on the film. Also known as viewfinder and projected frame.
Fixing Bath
A solution that removes any light-sensitive silver-halide crystals not acted upon by light or developer, leaving a black-and-white negative or print unalterable by further action of light. Also referred to as hypo.
Flash
A brief, intense burst of light from a flashbulb or an electronic flash unit, usually used where the lighting on the scene is inadequate for picture-taking.
A number that indicates the size of the lens opening on an adjustable camera. The common f-numbers are f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22. The larger the f-number, the smaller the lens opening. In this series, f/1.4 is the largest lens opening and f/22 is the smallest. Also called f-stops, they work in conjunction with shutter speeds to indicate exposure settings.
Focal Length
The distance between the film and the optical center of the lens when the lens is focused on infinity. The focal length of the lens on most adjustable cameras is marked in millimetres on the lens mount.
Focal-Plane Shutter
An opaque curtain containing a slit that moves directly across in front of the film in a camera and allows image-forming light to strike the film.
Foreground
The area between the camera and the principal subject.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: G-J
Graininess
The sand-like or granular appearance of a negative, print, or slide. Graininess becomes more pronounced with faster film and the degree of enlargement.
"H"-Format
One of the three selectable Advanced Photo System print formats; identical to the 9:16 aspect ratio used in high-definition television (HDTV); suitable for wider shots than usual, such as groups; produces prints of 3.5 x 6 inches or 4 x 7 inches. See also Aspect Ratio and Interspersed Aspect Ratio.
High Contrast
A wide range of density in a print or negative.
Highlights
The brightest areas of a subject and the corresponding areas in a negative, a print, or a slide.
Hot Shoe
The fitting on a camera that holds a small portable flash. It has an electrical contact that aligns with the contact on the flash unit's "foot" and fires the flash when you press the shutter release. This direct flash-to-camera contact eliminates the need for a PC cord.
Hyperfocal Distance
Distance of the nearest object in a scene that is acceptably sharp when the lens is focused on infinity.
Hypo
The name for a fixing bath made from sodium thiosulfate, other chemicals, and water; often used as a synonym for fixing bath.
Interspersed Aspect Ratio
A basic requirement of certified photofinishers and certified photofinishing equipment; specifies the three system print formats - C, H and P - that users select during picture-taking must be available at photofinishing. See also Aspect Ratio, "C"-format, "H"-format and "P"-format.
ISO Speed
The emulsion speed (sensitivity) of the film as determined by the standards of the International Standards Organization. In these standards, both arithmetic (ASA) and logarithmic (DIN) speed values are expressed in a single ISO term. For example, a film with a speed of ISO 100/21° would have a speed of ASA 100 or 21 DIN.
IX Information Exchange
The ability of Advanced Photo System film to communicate with devices, and devices to communicate with film; can be accomplished optically or magnetically using a thin magnetic layer on the film that records digital data. See also Transparent magnetic layer.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: K-N
Latent Image
The invisible image left by the action of light on photographic film or paper. The light changes the photosensitive salts to varying degrees depending on the amount of light striking them. When processed, this latent image will become a visible image either in reversed tones (as in a negative) or in positive tones (as in a color slide).
LCD panel
Liquid Crystal Display on cameras that shows such information as remaining exposures, flash status and aspect ratio selected.
Lens
One or more pieces of optical glass or similar material designed to collect and focus rays of light to form a sharp image on the film, paper, or projection screen.
Lens Shade
A collar or hood at the front of a lens that keeps unwanted light from striking the lens and causing image flare. May be attached or detachable, and should be sized to the particular lens to avoid vignetting.
Lens-Shutter Camera
A camera with the shutter built into the lens; the viewfinder and picture-taking lens are separate.
Lens Speed
The largest lens opening (smallest f-number) at which a lens can be set. A fast lens transmits more light and has a larger opening than a slow lens.
A lens that provides continuous focusing from infinity to extreme close-ups, often to a reproduction ratio of 1:2 (half life-size) or 1:1 (life-size).
Magazine
A lighttight metal container (cartridge) that holds 135 film (cylindrical magazine).
Magnetic read/write capability
The ability to record detailed information about picture-taking conditions, such as lighting and subject distance, via the magnetic layer on Advantix film.
Memory Keeper
Compact Kodak Advantix storage case that secures up to 12 film cassettes and accompanying photo file index prints.
Mid-roll change
Feature available on the Kodak Advantix 5800 MRX-Zoom camera that enables users to remove a partially exposed film cassette, insert it again later, and start shooting exactly where they left off.
Mini-lab
Photofinishing operation that operates on a retail level, serving consumers directly and processing film on-site.
Motor Drive
A mechanism for advancing the film to the next frame and recocking the shutter, activated by an electric motor usually powered by batteries. Popular for action-sequence photography and for recording images by remote control.
Negative
The developed film that contains a reversed tone image of the original scene.
Negative Holder
A device designed to hold the negative in proper position in an enlarger.
Normal Lens
A lens that makes the image in a photograph appear in perspective similar to that of the original scene. A normal lens has a shorter focal length and a wider field of view than a telephoto lens, and a longer focal length and narrower field of view than a wide-angle lens.
NRIC
Negative Returned In Cassette - required Advanced Photo System feature that returns processed film in its original, closed cassette; liberates consumers from the hassle of storing and handling film negatives.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: O-P
Off-The-Film Metering
A meter which determines exposure by reading light reflected from the film during picture-taking.
Ortho (Orthochromatic)
Denotes film sensitive to blue and green light.
Overexposure
A condition in which too much light reaches the film, producing a dense negative or a very light print or slide.
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Pan (Panchromatic)
Designation of films that record all colors in tones of about the same relative brightness as the human eye sees in the original scene, sensitive to all visible wave-lengths.
Panning
Moving the camera so that the image of a moving object remains in the same relative position in the viewfinder as you take a picture.
Photographer: Lequita Burch
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK EKTAR 125
Film Size: 35 mm
Panorama
A broad view, usually scenic.
Photographer: Don Cochran
Film: KODAK FUN SAVER Panoramic
Film Size: 35 mm
Parallax
With a lens-shutter camera, parallax is the difference between what the viewfinder sees and what the camera records, especially at close distances. This is caused by the separation between the viewfinder and the picture-taking lens. There is no parallax with single-lens-reflex cameras because when you look through the viewfinder, you are viewing the subject through the picture-taking lens.
Polarizing Screen (Filter)
A filter that transmits light traveling in one plane while absorbing light traveling in other planes. When placed on a camera lens or on light sources, it can eliminate undesirable reflections from a subject such as water, glass, or other objects with shiny surfaces. This filter also darkens blue sky.
Positive
The opposite of a negative, an image with the same tonal relationships as those in the original scenes-for example, a finished print or a slide.
Print
A positive picture, usually on paper, and usually produced from a negative.
Printing Frame
A device used for contact printing that holds a negative against the photographic paper. The paper is exposed by light from an external light source.
Processing
Developing, fixing, and washing exposed photographic film or paper to produce either a negative image or a positive image.
Push Processing
Increasing the development time of a film to increase its effective speed (raising the ISO number for initial exposure ) for low-light situations; forced development.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: Q-S
Rangefinder
A device included on many cameras as an aid in focusing.
Reflector
Any device used to reflect light onto a subject.
Reciprocity
Most films are designed to be exposed within a certain range of exposure times-usually between 1/15 second to 1/1000 second. When exposure times fall outside of this range-becoming either significantly longer or shorter-a film's characteristics may change. Loss of effective film speed, contrast changes, and (with color films) color shifts are the three common results. These changes are called reciprocity effect.
Reticulation
Cracking or distorting of the emulsion during processing, usually caused by wide temperature or chemical-activity differences between the solutions.
Retouching
Altering a print or negative after development by use of dyes or pencils to alter tones of highlights, shadows, and other details, or to remove blemishes.
Saturation
An attribute of perceived color, or the percentage of hue in a color. Saturated colors are called vivid, strong, or deep. Desaturated colors are called dull, weak, or washed out.
Shutter
Blades, a curtain, plate, or some other movable cover in a camera that controls the time during which light reaches the film.
Shutter Priority
An exposure mode on an automatic or autofocus camera that lets you select the desired shutter speed; the camera sets the aperture for proper exposure. If you change the shutter speed, or the light level changes, the camera adjusts the aperture automatically.
Sidelighting
Light striking the subject from the side relative to the position of the camera; produces shadows and highlights to create modeling on the subject.
Photographer: Annette M. McCoy
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK GOLD Plus 100
Film Size: 35 mm
Simple Camera
A camera that has few or no adjustments to be made by the picture-taker. Usually, simple cameras have only one size of lens opening and one or two shutter speeds and do not require focusing by the picture-taker.
Single-Lens-Reflex (SLR) Camera
A camera in which you view the scene through the same lens that takes the picture.
Soft Lighting
Lighting that is low or moderate in contrast, such as on an overcast day.
Spotting
Retouching a processed print with a pencil or brush (with watercolors or dyes) to eliminate spots left by dust or scratches on the negative.
Stain
Discolored areas on film or paper, usually caused by contaminated developing solutions or by insufficient fixing, washing, or agitation.
Stop Bath
An acid rinse, usually a weak solution of acetic acid, used as a second step when developing black-and-white film or paper. It stops development and makes the hypo (fixing bath) last longer.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: T
Telephoto Lens
A lens that makes a subject appear larger on film than does a normal lens at the same camera-to-subject distance. A telephoto lens has a longer focal length and narrower field of view than a normal lens.
Through-The-Lens Focusing
Viewing a scene to be photographed through the same lens that admits light to the film. Through-the-lens viewing, as in a single-lens-reflex (SLR) camera, while focusing and composing a picture, eliminates parallax.
Through-The-Lens Metering
Meter built into the camera determines exposure for the scene by reading light that passes through the lens during picture-taking.
Time Exposure
A comparatively long exposure made in seconds or minutes.
Photographer: Steve Krisel
KINSA/KODAK Photo Contest
Film: KODAK GOLD 100
Film Size: 35 mm
Tint
Shades of white in a finished print, controlled by the color of the paper, varying from white to buff.
Tone
The degree of lightness or darkness in any given area of a print; also referred to as value. Cold tones (bluish) and warm tones (reddish) refer to the color of the image in both black-and-white and color photographs.
Transparency
A positive photographic image on film, viewed or projected by transmitted light (light shining through film).
Transparent magnetic layer
Information storage layer built into Advanced Photo System film that enables enhanced information exchange capabilities, improving print quality by capturing lighting and scene information and other picture-taking data; basis for future information exchange features.
Tripod
A three-legged supporting stand used to hold the camera steady. Especially useful when using slow shutter speeds and/or telephoto lenses.
Tungsten Light
Light from regular room lamps and ceiling fixtures, not fluorescent.
A Glossary of Photographic Terms: U-Z
Underexposure
A condition in which too little light reaches the film, producing a thin negative, a dark slide, or a muddy-looking print.
Unipod
A one-legged support used to hold the camera steady.
Variable-Contrast Paper
Photographic paper that provides different grades of contrast when exposed through special filters.
Video Noise
More commonly called "luminence signal-to-noise ratio." This is a measure of how pure the video signal is (the monochrome or black-and-white portion of the picture). Tape with good luminence signal-to-noise ratios has a sharper, clearer image. This property has even greater importance on multiple generation copies.
Viewfinder
(See Finder)
Vignetting
A fall-off in brightness at the edges of an image, slide, or print. Can be caused by poor lens design, using a lens hood not matched to the lens, or attaching too many filters to the front of the lens.
Wide-Angle Lens
A lens that has a shorter focal length and a wider field of view (includes more subject area) than a normal lens.
A wide-angle lens takes in a greater angle of view than a normal lens. This image was made with an ultra-wide 16 mm fisheye lens. Notice the curved horizon.
Zoom Lens
A lens in which you adjust the focal length over a wide range. In effect, this gives you lenses of many focal lengths.
